Islamic Articles Hijri Calendar (Islamic Months)

The Islamic calendar differs from the Gregorian calendar because it follows the cycle of the moon rather than the cycle of the sun, but the two calendars have one thing in common: they both have 12 months. The 12 Islamic months each have different meanings, with four of them being sacred months during which fighting and conflict is forbidden.

There is a rich history behind each of the months which is both symbolic and deeply interesting, so if you want to learn more about the meaning of Islamic months, keep reading.

Muharram

The first month in the Islamic calendar is Muharram and it translates from Arabic to ‘forbidden’. Its name relates to the fact that it is the first of the four sacred month during which fighting is haram. It is sacred so that Muslims can return from Hajj without being attacked. There are a number of notable events that took place during Muharram, with the most significant being the Day of Ashura which occurs on the 10th day.

Safar

The second month is called Safar. The translation means ‘void’, and there are two possible reasons for this. Some believe the name comes from the fact Arab homes were empty at this time of year because everyone was out finding and gathering food. In contrast, some people believe that the meaning of the month comes from tales of Arabs looting the homes of their enemies post-battle. Several battles were fought during Safar, and in an effort to cement Islam as a peaceful religion, Allah (SWT) commanded the Muslims move to Medina during Safar to avoid any further conflict.

Rabi al-Awwal

The third month in the Islamic calendar is called Rabi al-Awwal and it is an extremely joyous month. It translates to ‘the first spring’ or ‘to graze’, as this was when cattle began grazing as the earth sprouted with new life. The most prominent event during Rabi al-Awwal is the birth of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in 570 A.D. Many Muslims celebrate his birth, but they also grieve for him as it was also during Rabi al-Awwal that he passed away and returned to Allah (SWT) in 632 A.D.

Rabi al-Thani

Rabi al-Thani is the fourth Islamic month in the calendar and means ‘the second spring’. There are a number of different events that took place in this month, but for many Muslims, it is a time for mourning. Fatimah bint Musa, the daughter of the seventh Twelver Shia Imam, Musa al-Kadhim, and Sufi sheikh, Abdul-Qadir Gilani, both died during Rabi al-Thani.
Jumada al-Awwal

Jumada al-Awwal is the fifth month of the year and it translates to ‘the first parched land’. It’s thought that historically Jumada al-Awwal was the first month of summer pre-Islam, but some people believe it means ‘to freeze’ and relates to frozen weather causing parched land.

Jumada al-Thani

The sixth month of the Islamic calendar is Jumada al-Thani which means ‘the last parched land’. It is a significant month within the calendar, but different sects of Muslims celebrate it for different reasons. Fatimah al-Zahra, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and Khadijah’s youngest daughter, was born during this month, and she also died during this month. Caliph Abu Bakr passed away during Jumada al-Thani, making this a month of mourning for many.

Rajab

Rajab is the seventh month of the Islamic calendar and translates to ‘respect’ or ‘honour’. It is the second of the sacred months and therefore it is haram to fight or engage in conflict during this time. Rajab is considered Allah’s (SWT) month and is therefore a highly significant time during the year. It’s believed the Creator designated Rajab as a sacred month so that Muslims could complete the voluntary pilgrimage, Umrah, without being attacked.

Sha’ban

The eighth month of the Islamic year is called Sha’ban and is considered the month of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It is sometimes referred to as the neglected month because Rajab precedes it and Ramadan comes straight after it, but it is an important month nonetheless. Sha’ban means ‘scattered’ and relates to the time of the year when Arabs would historically scatter to find water. Nowadays, many Muslims use Sha’ban to prepare for Ramadan.

Ramadan

The ninth month of the Islamic calendar is one of the most prominent and is well known outside the Muslim community, too. Ramadan means ‘burning heat’ because it historically fell during a hot time of the year. Muslims observe Ramadan by fasting from dawn to dusk in order to cleanse their minds, bodies, and souls, and to be reminded of the fortune Allah (SWT) has bestowed upon them. Fasting gives Muslims an insight into what their lesser fortunate brothers and sisters go through when hungry.

Shawwal

After Ramadan comes the 10th month of Shawwal, which means ‘raised’. The meaning of the name relates to the fact that female camels are normally pregnant at this time of year. Shawwal is a celebratory month, with Eid al-Fitr taking place from the first to the third day. Lots of food, gifts, and prayers are exchanged during Shawwal, with many praying that their Ramadan is accepted by Allah (SWT).

Dhul al-Qadah

The 11th month of the Islamic calendar is Dhul al-Qadah which means ‘the month of truce’. It is the third sacred month during which Allah (SWT) forbids violence so that Muslims can make their way to Mecca to commence their Hajj safely. It is special because Allah (SWT) said so, and like the other sacred months, good and bad deeds are weighted more heavily at this time.

Dhul Hijjah

The final month of the Islamic year is the holiest and most significant of all. Dhul Hijjah means ‘pilgrimage’ and relates to the fact that Muslims carry out their religious due of Hajj during this month. There are many significant days during this month, including the Day of Arafah when Allah (SWT) finalised Islam. Other key dates include Qurbani, the Festival of Sacrifice that honours Prophet Ibrahim (AS) and his devotion to the Creator. Following Qurbani is Big Eid, also called Eid al-Adha – a time for great celebration and joy. Dhul Hijjah is the fourth and final sacred month so that Muslims can complete Hajj in safety.

Make the Most of the Months

There are many different opportunities for you to make the most of the Islamic months, with the option to donate Zakat at any time of the year. You can also offer dua during the sacred months, make charitable donations throughout the year, and give Sadaqah Jariyah at any point and reap the rewards from Allah (SWT).

Make the most of the months and help a brother or sister in need by donating to one of our appeals. May Allah (SWT) bless you throughout the year and spare you hardship, and may all your months be prosperous and healthy.​

The Four Sacred Months: Quran and Hadith Insight



The four sacred months in Islam are explicitly mentioned in the Quran and Hadith. Allah says in the Quran:

“Indeed, the number of months with Allah is twelve [lunar] months in the register of Allah [from] the day He created the heavens and the earth; of these, four are sacred.” — Surah At-Tawbah (9:36)

Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) also emphasized the importance of these months in his teachings, advising Muslims to refrain from sins and engage more in good deeds during these periods.

“The year is twelve months, of which four are sacred, the three consecutive months of Dhu’l-Qa’dah, Dhu’l-Hijjah and Muharram, and Rajab which comes between Jumaada and Sha’baan. [Bukhari]​

The Hijri calendar is considered one of four major calendars currently in use worldwide. These four include the Miladi, Hijri, Chinese, and Persian calendars. The Hijri calendar is the official calendar of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The term "Hijira," which describes the journey of Prophet Muhammad in 622 AD from Makkah to Al Madina El Monawara, is used to describe the Hijri Year.

The Hijri calendar, which consists of 12 months determined by the lunar cycle, is credited to Khalifa Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Even today, the beginning and end of each month are determined by the full and crescent moons, with special attention paid to marking the start of Ramadan, the beginning of Shawwal, and the dates of Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr.

Am Al-Fil, the year of the Prophet Muhammad's birth, was one of the significant events in Muslim history that Muslims used to mark the passage of time before the adoption of the Hijri calendar. However, seventeen years after the Prophet's flight and during the third or fourth year of Khalifa Umar ibn al-Khattab's reign, an official in Basrah, Iraq, named Abu Musa al-Ash'ari complained that the dates on the letters he was receiving were inconsistent. In a letter to Khalifa Umar, Abu Musa al-Ash'ari requested that he devise a new method for calculating dates.

Khalifa Umar spoke with his counselors about the matter. Some proposed that the Prophet's birthdate should be the start of a new calendar, while others proposed his death date. The majority did agree, nevertheless, that his migration date should be the start of the calendar. After consulting Ali bin Abi Talib and Uthman ibn Affan, two of the Prophet's esteemed friends, Khalifa Umar made the decision.

Following all of the talks, Khalifa Umar declared that the Hijri calendar would start in the year that the Prophet Muhammad moved. The first day of Muharram would mark the start of the calendar, while Dhu Al Hijja would mark its conclusion. As a result, the Prophet's migration year, 622 AD, was made the first year in the Hijiri calendar.

The new moon cycle begins at the beginning of each Hijri month. Each Hijri calendar month has a different number of days based on how the moon moves over the planet. Every month has a duration of 29 to 30 days, except Dhu al-Hijjah. The 30-year cycle that determines the number of days in Dhu al-Hijjah indicates that the Hijri calendar is subject to variations based on the moon's long-term orbit around the Earth. The Hijri calendar indicates the dates of annual religious rituals that Muslims are obligated by Allah to do, such as the Hajj and fasting.

Many important Islamic holidays and occasions, including Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, and the start of the Hajj season, are observed on the Hijri calendar. Muharram, Safar, Rabi 'Al-Awal, Rabee' Al-Akhir, Jumada Al Ula, Jumada Al-Akhirah, Rajab, Shaaban, Ramadan, Shawwal, Dhu Al Qa’da, and Dhu Al Hijja are the twelve months that make up the Hijri year.​

The Islamic calendar is used in Saudi Arabia, especially by government institutions and even in everyday transactions with financial and commercial establishments. If you’re wondering why new year came early this year, then it’s high time you polish up on your calendar knowledge.



1. The Hijri Calendar was introduced by Umar ibn Al-Khattab, who is a companion of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), in 638.​

2. The Hijri Calendar started with the “Hijera”, the time when Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) moved from Makkah to Medina.



In Islamic history, it is referred to as the time Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) moved from Mecca to Medina. According to Islamic tradition, the migration was due to a plot to harm Muhammad and the measures taken to protect his well-being.​

3. It is based on the lunar calendar, which relies on how the moon moves through its phases.

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4. The Hijri Calendar is always 11 days shorter than the Gregorian calendar (hence, if your company uses the Hijri Calendar, lucky you.)

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5. A year in the Hijri calender is equivalent to 354 days and is made up of 12 months, named:



There’s a story behind every month of the Hijri Calendar. Here’s a children’s book that’s great for teaching your kids all about it (and maybe learn a thing or two yourself):​